Research Projects

Major research directions

Immunity to mRNA vaccines
The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a surge of scientific interest in mRNA vaccines, with a focus on the antibody response. In comparison, less is known about the T cell responses generated by these vaccines, e.g. where T cells traffic, tissue-resident memory responses, and what kinds of protection they can mediate. We also have a limited understanding of the innate immune pathways activated by mRNA vaccines (particularly the lipid nanoparticle component) and how they influence both protective immunity and adverse vaccine side effects. We seek to understand the types of cellular and innate immune responses generated by mRNA vaccines and how these can be modulated and improved for next-generation mRNA vaccines. For our early work in this area, see Laczko, Hogan, et al. Immunity (2020), PMID 32783919.​

Antibody/T cell collaboration
While many scientists cite the potential of T cells to protect from viral infections that escape neutralizing antibody responses, surprisingly little is known about the actual protective effects of T cells in a variety of acute viral infections. We hope to shed light in this area by studying a poorly understood phenomenon of antibody/T cell collaboration: intriguingly, neither CD8+ T cells nor non-neutralizing antibodies protect mice from influenza infection on their own, but they are highly protective when combined, although it is unclear how this works! Unlocking this mystery may guide future vaccine design for influenza and other diseases. For early work on this topic, see Laidlaw et al., PLoS Pathogens (2013).​

Non-classical T cell immunity
CD8+ or killer T cells are conventionally known to recognize microbial peptides (epitopes) presented on classical MHC class I molecules (e.g. HLA-A, B, and C in humans). But in recent years, it has become apparent that CD8+ T cell responses are also mounted against epitopes presented on MHC-E, a family of non-classical MHC molecules that includes HLA-E in humans and Qa-1 in mice. Excitingly, these CD8+ T cells have shown a remarkable level of protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a relative of HIV, in monkeys, although the mechanisms/functions distinguishing these from classical CD8+ T cells are not understood. We recently discovered an MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell response to influenza virus infection in mice, which offers a great model system in which to elucidate this biology. We next seek to describe the protective effect of this T cell response and the mechanisms behind its generation. Then, we aim to extend this line of study to other influenza epitopes and other viral infections, including coronaviruses, herpesviruses, and lentiviruses.

mRNA vaccine development for human and animal pathogens
We have extensive experience making mRNA vaccines in-house using the method developed by Weissman, Karikó, Pardi, and colleagues (i.e. nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles), and we published the first preclinical efficacy study of this platform in animal models of Zika virus infection in 2017. We're interested in further developing the mRNA vaccine technology to tackle some of the hardest disease targets that will require effective T cell responses for protective immunity. We're also interested in developing more cost-effective mRNA vaccine designs for veterinary and agricultural applications. We are interested in establishing collaborations with labs that work on pathogens affecting pets, livestock, and wildlife.